{"id":22,"date":"2020-10-04T18:43:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-04T18:43:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-07T21:59:13","modified_gmt":"2020-11-07T16:29:13","slug":"pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/","title":{"rendered":"PEST OF SORGHUM: Causal organism, Damage symptoms and Control!"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-kBqAGGVFgYI\/X3oMTRtmTOI\/AAAAAAAADVw\/_jhpFb7YSII1QnLT6sZysDuJiKc72EuPwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s640\/PEST%2BOF%2BSORGHUM.webp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"pest of sorghum\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-kBqAGGVFgYI\/X3oMTRtmTOI\/AAAAAAAADVw\/_jhpFb7YSII1QnLT6sZysDuJiKc72EuPwCLcBGAsYHQ\/w640-h360\/PEST%2BOF%2BSORGHUM.webp\" alt=\"pest of sorghum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"360\" data-original-width=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Pest of Sorghum<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69dc11edd3d61\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69dc11edd3d61\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Pest_of_Sorghum\" >Pest of Sorghum<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#1Sorghum_Shoot_fly\" >1.Sorghum Shoot fly:\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Distribution\" >Distribution\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Damage_symptoms\" >Damage symptoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Life-cycle\" >Life-cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Management\" >\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#2_Stem_borer\" >2. Stem borer:\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Distribution-2\" >Distribution\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Host_range\" >Host range<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Damage_symptoms-2\" >Damage symptoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Life-cycle-2\" >Life-cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Management-2\" >\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#3_Pink_stem_borer\" >3. Pink stem borer:\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Distribution-3\" >Distribution\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Host_range-2\" >Host range\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Damage_symptoms-3\" >Damage symptoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Life-cycle-3\" >Life-cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Management-3\" >\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#4Sorghum_midge\" >4.Sorghum midge\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Distribution-4\" >Distribution\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Host_range-3\" >Host range<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Damage_symptoms-4\" >Damage symptoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Life-cycle-4\" >Life-cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/pest-of-sorghum-causal-organism-damage-symptoms-and-control\/#Management-4\" >\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pest_of_Sorghum\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Pest of Sorghum<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Read about <b>pest of sorghum<\/b>, distribution, host range, life cycle and management. <b>\u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/b>\u00a0cause a great loss in yield if not managed seriously. To control the <b>pest<\/b>\u00a0effectively you must know about the way to control them.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1Sorghum_Shoot_fly\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>1.Sorghum Shoot fly:<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\"><b>Causal Organism of sorghum shoot fly:<i> Atherigona soccata<\/i><\/b> (Muscidae: Diptera)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Distribution\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu and Karnataka<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\"><b>Host range:<\/b> Maize, Ragi, bajra, rice, wheat and grasses<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Damage_symptoms\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Damage symptoms<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The maggot on hatching migrates to the side of leaf and enters between the leaf sheath and stem. After reaching the soil level, the maggot bores inside the stem and cuts the growing point leading to \u201cdead heart\u201d symptom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The infested plant produces side tillers. The attack is more severe during summer than kharif season.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Life-cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Life-cycle<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Adult, a whitish grey female fly lays white, cigar-shaped eggs on the lower surface of leaf blades mostly during morning hours (40 eggs). The egg is white, cylindrical, distal end somewhat flattened. The time period varies from 2-3 days. Maggot is dirty white and apodous. Mature larvae are yellow and about 6 mm long. The larval period is 8-10 days and has four larval instars. It pupates at the bottom of the stem or in soil for 8-10 days. The life cycle is completed in 17-21 days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">ETL: 10% dead hearts or 1 egg \/ plant<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">1. Use resistant varieties like CHS-7, 8, IS-5566, 5285, 5613 etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">2. To minimise shoot fly damage you can start sowing seeds of sorghum soon after onset of monsoon rains.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">3. Use higher seed rate (12.5 kg\/ha) and take away the shoot fly damaged seedlings at the time of thinning or raise nursery and transplant only healthy seedlings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">4. Pull out and destroy plants showing dead hearts at the time of thinning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">5. found out hanging sort of plastic fishmeal trap @ 12\/ha till the crop is 30 days old.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">6. Treat 100 kg seeds with chlorpyriphos 20 EC 400 ml or quinalphos 25 EC 400 ml or imidacloprid 48 FS 1.2 L or imidacloprid 70 WS 1.0 kg or thiomethoxam 30 FS 1.0 L<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">7. You can apply granular application of phorate 10 G or carbofuran 3 G to the furrow. This should be done at the time of sowing at 2.5 kg a.i.\/ha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">8. Spray Endosulfan 35 EC @18 ml, dimethoate 30 EC @ 12 ml and methyl demeton 25 EC @12 ml for a neighborhood of 120 m2 nursery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">9. Spray anybody of the subsequent insecticides within the mainfield &#8211; endosulfan 35 EC 500 ml, dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml (250 L of spray fluid\/ha).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Stem_borer\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">2. Stem borer:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Causal organism of stem borer<\/b>: <i><b>Chilo partellus<\/b><\/i> (Crambidae: Lepidoptera)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Distribution<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Stem borer of sorghum can be found in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Uganda, Taiwan, Sudan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Thailand.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Host_range\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Host range<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Stem borer pest mainly attacks Maize, sorghum, sugarcane, bajra, rice, Johnson grass , Ragi , etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Damage_symptoms-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Damage symptoms<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">It infests the crop a month after sowing and therefore the damage persists till emergence of ear heads. Central shoot withering resulting in \u201cdead heart\u201d is that the typical damage symptom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Bore holes are visible on the stem near the nodes.\u00a0 Typical \u201cshot hole\u201d symptom can be seen, it happens because of young larvae that feeds on tender folded leaves. Internally tunnelling caterpillars can be seen on the affected parts of the stem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Life-cycle-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Life-cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The adult moth is medium in size and light yellow in colour.\u00a0 \u00a0Within time period of 2-5 days it lays near about 300 scale like flat oval eggs. They are placed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">on the under surface of leaf near the midrib.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The larva is raw sienna with a brown head and therefore the prothoracic shield measures about 25 mm long. The total time of the larva or you can say larval period is about 28 &#8211; 50 days and that is completed with seven instars. It pupates inside the stem and emerges in 7-10 days through the larvae&#8217;s entry holes as as adult.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">1. The stubbles should be ploughed up during winter and burnt to destroy the hibernating larvae.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">2. E 302, E 303, IS 2205, ICSV 700, these are the name of resistant cultivars that you can grow in your field.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">3. Dead hearts should be pulled out and used as fodder or buried in manure pits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">4. Sow lab lab or Dolichos as an intercrop within the ratio of 4:1 to minimise the stem borer damage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">5. found out light trap till midnight to draw in and kill the stem borer moths.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">6. Bio-control agents like,<i><b>Trichogramma chilonis<\/b><\/i> (egg parasitoids) minutum,<i><b> Bracon chinensis<\/b><\/i> \u0914\u0930 <i><b>Apanteles flavipes<\/b><\/i>, (larval parasitoids) can be introduced in the field to control this pest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">7. Mix anybody of the subsequent insecticides with sand to form up the entire quantity of fifty kg and apply within the leaf whorls.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Phorate &#8211; 10 G 8 kg,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">carbofuran 3 G 17 kg,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">endosulfan 4D 25 kg\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">or spray endosulfan 35 EC 750 ml\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">or carbaryl 50 WP 1 kg (500 L spray fluid\/ha).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Pink_stem_borer\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>3. Pink stem borer:<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\"><b>Causal organism of pink stem borer:<\/b> <i><b>Sesamia inferens<\/b><\/i> (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Distribution<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, China, Korea, Japan and Indonesia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Host_range-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Host range\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Sorghum, maize, rice, wheat, sugarcane, bajra and ragi, barley, guinea grasses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Damage_symptoms-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Damage symptoms<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The pink larva bores into the stem and damages the central shoot leading to dead heart.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Life-cycle-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Life-cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Dark brown streaks on the fore wings and white hind wings with fawn coloured body is the characteristic of adult moth. the feminine lays about 150 creamy-white and hemispherical eggs that are arranged in two or three rows between the leaf sheath and therefore the stem of the host plant.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Egg period 7 days. The adult larvae measures about 25 mm and is straw with a purple pink tinge and a reddish-brown head. The larval period 25 days but in cold months it&#8217;s going to be extended to 75 days.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Pupation occurs within the larval tunnel within the stem and therefore the adult emerges in 12 days. One generation may take 6-7 weeks. The life cycle is completed in 45-75 days. There are 4-6 generations per annum .<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">1. Introduce egg parasitoids like:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Telenomus sp., <i><b>Trichogramma chilonis<\/b><\/i>;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Larval parasitoids: <i><b>Apanteles flavipes<\/b><\/i>,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><i><b>Bracon hebetor<\/b><\/i>;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Pupal parasitoid: <i><b>Tetrastichus ayyari<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">2. Spray endosulfan 35 EC @ 1 L\/ha or chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1.0 L \/ ha or applycarbofuran 3 G @ 25 kg\/ ha or cartap hrdrochloride 4 G @18.75 kg\/ha at every 20 days interval after germination of the crop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4Sorghum_midge\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">4.Sorghum midge<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\"><b>Causal organism of sorghum midge:<\/b> <i><b>Contarinia sorghicola<\/b><\/i> (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution-4\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Distribution<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, West Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Java, Africa, South East Asia, South China, South America, West Indies , USA and Italy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Host_range-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Host range<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Cultivated and wild species of sorghum.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Damage_symptoms-4\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Damage symptoms<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">A maggot feeds on the developing grains and pupates there. Damage symptoms are white pupal cases that protrudes out from the grains and chaffy grains with holes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Life-cycle-4\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>Life-cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The adult fly is little , fragile with a bright orange abdomen and a pair of transparent wings. It lays eggs singly in developing florets leading to pollen shedding. A female lays about 30-35 eggs at the speed of 6-10 in each floret.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The time period is 3-4 days. The maggot has four instars with duration of 8-10 days. Larvae are colourless, but, when adult , they&#8217;re dark orange. Larval period 9 &#8211; 11 days. The larval stage undergoes diapause during a cocoon during December &#8211; January within a spikelet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Pupates beneath the glume. The pupal period 3 days. White pupal skin remains at the tip of the spikelet when the adult emerges. A generation is completed in 14-16 days. The insect&#8217;s rapid developmental cycle permits 9-12 generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management-4\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">1. DJ 6541, AF 28, ICSV 197, ICSV 745, ICSV 88032, these are the name of resistant cultivars that you can grow in your field.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">2. You can introduce larval parasitoids in your field like &#8211; Apanteles sp., <i><b>Eupelones popa<\/b><\/i>;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Larval and pupal parasitoid &#8211; Tetrastichus spp.;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Predators \u2013 <i><b>Orius albidipennis<\/b><\/i>; <b><i>Tapinoma indicum<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">3. You can apply first application at nearly 90% ear head emergence. Repeat\u00a0 this after 4 or 5 days.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">The insecticides that you can use are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">spray Endosulfan 35 EC 1.0 L\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Malathion 50 EC 1.0 L\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg\/ha or\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Endosulfan 4 D, or\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Malathion 5 D or\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">carbaryl 10 D or\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">quinalphos 1.5 D, you can spray these @ 25 kg\/ha .<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pest of Sorghum Pest of Sorghum Read about pest of sorghum, distribution, host range, life cycle and management. Pest\u00a0cause a great loss in yield if not managed seriously. To control the pest\u00a0effectively you must know about the way to control them. \u00a0 \u00a0 1.Sorghum Shoot fly:\u00a0 Causal Organism of sorghum shoot fly: Atherigona soccata (Muscidae:&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agriculture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":284,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions\/284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}