{"id":20516,"date":"2025-03-14T20:20:22","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T14:50:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/?p=20516"},"modified":"2025-03-14T20:21:15","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T14:51:15","slug":"makhana-farming-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902: \u092c\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0915"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e (\u092b\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u091f) \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e 90% \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imarcgroup.com\/india-makhana-market\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.imarcgroup.com\/india-makhana-market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">makhana market size<\/a> reached approximately \u20b98.5 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.22%, reaching \u20b919.6 billion by 2033. Farmers can sell makhana in local mandis through government-backed procurement schemes, and via Farmer Producer Organizations. They can also supply food processing companies or sell directly to consumers through e-commerce platforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/makhana-benefits\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/makhana-benefits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Makhana is rich in nutrients<\/a> like protein, fiber, carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, and iron. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 7 \u0938\u0947 8 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1.6 \u091f\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0948\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940\u2019 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092f\u0930 2.8 \u091f\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Studies have reported <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/337734864_Economics_of_Makhana_Production_and_Socio-economic_Profile_of_Makhana_Growers_in_Bihar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">net profits<\/a> ranging from \u20b911,051 per acre to \u20b988,790 per hectare for farmers, with value addition, entrepreneurs can earn much higher. So, if you&#8217;re a farmer or an entrepreneur who is willing to start makhana farming enterprise, then read every point in this article very carefully. <br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e02897c2a3e\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e02897c2a3e\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Makhana_Farming_Guide\" >\u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Systems_Of_Makhana_Cultivation\" >Systems Of Makhana Cultivation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Soil_Climate\" >\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Field_Preparation\" >\u0916\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Direct_Sowing_Of_Makhana\" >Direct Sowing Of Makhana<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Nursery_Preparation\" >\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Transplantation\" >\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Manure_Fertilizer\" >Manure &amp; Fertilizer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Water_Management\" >\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Pest_Disease_Management\" >Pest &amp; Disease Management<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Flowering_Fruiting\" >Flowering &amp; Fruiting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Harvesting\" >\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/makhana-farming-guide\/#Yield_Of_Makhana\" >Yield Of Makhana<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Makhana_Farming_Guide\"><\/span>\u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image20516_d826d3-dc .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-image20516_d826d3-dc img.kb-img, .kb-image20516_d826d3-dc .kb-img img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;box-shadow:0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image20516_d826d3-dc size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-1024x512.webp\" alt=\"makhana-farming-guide\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-20524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-1024x512.webp 1024w, https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-18x9.webp 18w, https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-600x300.webp 600w, https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide-150x75.webp 150w, https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/makhana-farming-guide.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<style>\n    .makhana-table {\n        width: 100%;\n        border-collapse: collapse;\n        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n        font-size: 16px;\n    }\n    .makhana-table th, .makhana-table td {\n        border: 1px solid #ddd;\n        padding: 12px;\n        text-align: left;\n        vertical-align: top;\n    }\n    .makhana-table th {\n        background-color: #4CAF50;\n        color: white;\n        font-weight: bold;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n    }\n    .makhana-table td:first-child {\n        font-weight: bold;\n        width: 30%;\n        background-color: #f2f2f2;\n    }\n    .makhana-table tr:nth-child(even) {\n        background-color: #f9f9f9;\n    }\n    .makhana-table tr:hover {\n        background-color: #f1f1f1;\n    }\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n        .makhana-table, .makhana-table thead, .makhana-table tbody, .makhana-table th, .makhana-table td, .makhana-table tr {\n            display: block;\n            width: 100%;\n        }\n        .makhana-table thead {\n            display: none;\n        }\n        .makhana-table tr {\n            margin-bottom: 15px;\n            border: 1px solid #ddd;\n            padding: 10px;\n            background: white;\n        }\n        .makhana-table td {\n            text-align: right;\n            padding-left: 50%;\n            position: relative;\n        }\n        .makhana-table td:first-child {\n            font-weight: bold;\n            background: #f2f2f2;\n            width: 100%;\n            display: block;\n            text-align: left;\n            padding: 10px;\n        }\n        .makhana-table td:last-child::before {\n            content: attr(data-label);\n            position: absolute;\n            left: 15px;\n            font-weight: bold;\n            text-align: left;\n        }\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<table class=\"makhana-table\">\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>\u092e\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/td>\n            <td><i>Euryale ferox<\/i><\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Major Producing State<\/td>\n            <td>Bihar (90% of India&#8217;s production)<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Climate Requirements<\/td>\n            <td>Warm and humid; thrives in stagnant water or pond ecosystem<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Soil Type<\/td>\n            <td>Clayey soil with organic matter; requires slow-moving or still water<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>\u092c\u0941\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/td>\n            <td>December &#8211; January<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Land Preparation<\/td>\n            <td>Ponds are desilted, organic manure is applied, and seeds are sown in shallow water before flooding<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/td>\n            <td>Water depth should be 1-1.5 meters for optimal growth<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Fertilizer Application<\/td>\n            <td>Organic manure (8-10 tons\/ha), NPK fertilizers based on soil requirement<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Pest &#038; Disease Management<\/td>\n            <td>Common pests: Aphids, leaf-eating caterpillars; organic pesticides and biological control methods<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Harvesting Time<\/td>\n            <td>September &#8211; October<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Harvesting Method<\/td>\n            <td>Seeds are collected manually from the water surface, dried, and processed into edible makhana<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Yield Potential<\/td>\n            <td>2.8 tons\/ha (compared to 1.6 tons in traditional varieties)<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Popular Cropping Systems<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; Makhana-Water Chestnut<br>\n                &#8211; Makhana-Barseem<br>\n                &#8211; Makhana-Rice-Wheat (Highest profit: \u20b91,22,570\/ha)\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Market Demand<\/td>\n            <td>Growing at 9.22% CAGR due to health benefits<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Selling Channels<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; Local mandis (Purnia, Darbhanga) <br>\n                &#8211; Food processing industries <br>\n                &#8211; Direct-to-consumer via e-commerce <br>\n                &#8211; Government procurement schemes\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Processing &#038; Value Addition<\/td>\n            <td>Roasting and popping for snack products, used in Ayurvedic and nutritional food industries<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Government Support<\/td>\n            <td>\u20b9100 crore investment for Makhana Board in Bihar, subsidies for pond-based and field cultivation, training programs for farmers<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Profitability<\/td>\n            <td>Net profit: \u20b988,790 &#8211; \u20b91,22,570 per hectare; higher profits in integrated farming (Makhana + Fish)<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Systems_Of_Makhana_Cultivation\"><\/span><strong>Systems Of Makhana Cultivation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two systems of cultivating makhana, the <strong>Pond System<\/strong> and the <strong>Field System<\/strong>. The Pond system is rather a traditional method in which once cultivation starts by sowing seeds or transplanting, farmers do not need to sow seeds repeatedly since leftover seeds of the previous crop serve as planting material of subsequent crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the traditional pond system of makhana cultivation, farmers can also cultivate air-breathing fishes such as Magur, Singhi, Kawai, Garai, etc. These add to additional income for the farmers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Field System is a newly developed method of makhana cultivation. In this system, farmers can cultivate makhana in agricultural fields at a water depth of 1 foot. Hence, through this system, farmers can cultivate makhana as well as other field crops such as <a href=\"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wheat-farming-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"754\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cereals<\/a>. Moreover, by following this method, the duration of the makhana crop is reduced to four months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the field system, seeds are not sown directly but are transplanted between the first week of February to the third week of April.<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Soil_Climate\"><\/span><strong>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Makhana crops grow well in <strong>warm and humid<\/strong> conditions with a temperature range of <strong>20\u00b0C to 35\u00b0C<\/strong> and prefer <strong>clayey soil<\/strong> rich in organic matter with a <strong>pH of around 5.5 to 7.5<\/strong> that can retain water.<br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Field_Preparation\"><\/span><strong>\u0916\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To cultivate makhana by following the field system, farmers need to prepare their fields from the first week of February to the second week of April. Prepare the land with two to three deep ploughings, followed by planking with tractor-drawn implements or desi plows. Before transplanting makhana seedlings, prepare earthen bunds of 2 feet in height to retain water up to 1-foot level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The field should be puddled by 2 to 3 runs of tractor-based puddlers to check the downward percolation of water to the lower layer of the field. Fill water up to 1 foot height of the bund before transplanting makhana seedlings. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Direct_Sowing_Of_Makhana\"><\/span><strong>Direct Sowing Of Makhana<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are following the pond system, then makhana seeds can be sown directly from December to January. Farmers can broadcast <strong>80 to 100 Kilograms of makhana seeds per hectare<\/strong> in shallow water before gradually increasing the water depth. One can soak seeds in water for 24\u201348 hours before sowing to enhance germination. Later, weak seedlings are removed and an optimum distance of 1 \u00d7 1 meter. <br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nursery_Preparation\"><\/span><strong>\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To prepare seedlings for transplanting in the field system, farmers need to prepare a nursery to raise makhana seedlings. For transplanting in one hectare area farmers need to prepare a nursery of 500 m<sup>2<\/sup>. Start by applying organic manure, deep plowing 2 to 3 times followed by leveling of the field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then prepare earthen bunds of 2 feet height around the field and fill water up to 1.5 feet height. Broadcast 20 Kilograms of seed from December to January. To prevent new seedlings from Aphids, spray 0.2% solution of Endosulphan on newly emerged seedlings. They will get ready for transplantation by the end of March.<br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transplantation\"><\/span><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>From April to May uproot healthy seedlings from the nursery and immediately plant in the prepared field by following a spacing of 1.2 meters plant to plant for optimum yield. <br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Manure_Fertilizer\"><\/span><strong>Manure &amp; Fertilizer<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Makhana is a fertilizer-intensive crop, that&#8217;s why in the pond system due to lack of proper nutrients, the yield is low. To get optimum yield farmers can apply 100:60:40 Kilograms of NPK along with 15 tons of organic manure per hectare before transplantation. Fertilizers can be incorporated during field preparation.<br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_Management\"><\/span><strong>\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Makhana is an aquatic crop, hence maintaining water level is necessary for good production. In India, due to Monsoon most of the water needs can be fulfilled. However, after transplantation, 4 to 5 irrigations according to the field conditions are appropriate. Maintain water at 1 to 1.5 feet in the field system while 4 to 6 feet in the pond system. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pest_Disease_Management\"><\/span><strong>Pest &amp; Disease Management<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<style>\n    .pest-table {\n        width: 100%;\n        border-collapse: collapse;\n        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n        font-size: 16px;\n        border-radius: 8px;\n        overflow: hidden;\n        box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    }\n    .pest-table th, .pest-table td {\n        border: 1px solid #ddd;\n        padding: 14px;\n        text-align: left;\n        vertical-align: top;\n    }\n    .pest-table th {\n        background-color: #B71C1C;\n        color: white;\n        font-weight: bold;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n        letter-spacing: 1px;\n    }\n    .pest-table td:first-child {\n        font-weight: bold;\n        width: 30%;\n        background-color: #FCE4EC;\n        color: #880E4F;\n    }\n    .pest-table tr:nth-child(even) {\n        background-color: #FAFAFA;\n    }\n    .pest-table tr:hover {\n        background-color: #F1F8E9;\n    }\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n        .pest-table, .pest-table thead, .pest-table tbody, .pest-table th, .pest-table td, .pest-table tr {\n            display: block;\n            width: 100%;\n        }\n        .pest-table thead {\n            display: none;\n        }\n        .pest-table tr {\n            margin-bottom: 15px;\n            border: 1px solid #ddd;\n            padding: 10px;\n            background: white;\n            border-radius: 6px;\n        }\n        .pest-table td {\n            text-align: right;\n            padding-left: 50%;\n            position: relative;\n        }\n        .pest-table td:first-child {\n            font-weight: bold;\n            background: #FCE4EC;\n            width: 100%;\n            display: block;\n            text-align: left;\n            padding: 12px;\n        }\n        .pest-table td:last-child::before {\n            content: attr(data-label);\n            position: absolute;\n            left: 15px;\n            font-weight: bold;\n            text-align: left;\n        }\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<table class=\"pest-table\">\n    <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/th>\n            <th>Details<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Major Pests<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; <b>Aphids (Aphis spp.)<\/b> \u2013 Suck plant sap, cause leaf curling and reduces yield.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Leaf-Eating Caterpillars<\/b> \u2013 Feed on leaves, reduce photosynthesis.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Borers<\/b> \u2013 Damage stems and roots, affect plant health.\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>\u0915\u0940\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; <b>Biological Control:<\/b> Introduce natural predators like ladybugs for aphid control.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Organic Sprays:<\/b> Neem oil, garlic extract, and fermented plant extracts.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Chemical Control:<\/b> Use recommended insecticides only when necessary.\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Common Diseases<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; <b>Leaf Blight (Alternaria spp.)<\/b> \u2013 Brown spots on leaves, leads to wilting.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Root Rot (Fusarium spp.)<\/b> \u2013 Causes plant decay, especially in stagnant water.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u092b\u092b\u0942\u0902\u0926<\/b> \u2013 White fungal growth on leaves, reduces photosynthesis.\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>\u0930\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; <b>\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/b> to reduce pathogen buildup.<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Fungicide Sprays<\/b> (Bordeaux mixture, copper-based fungicides).<br>\n                &#8211; <b>Improve Drainage<\/b> in field-based cultivation to prevent root rot.\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Preventive Measures<\/td>\n            <td>\n                &#8211; Maintain <b>proper plant spacing<\/b> to improve air circulation.<br>\n                &#8211; Use <b>disease-resistant seed varieties<\/b>.<br>\n                &#8211; Regularly <b>monitor fields<\/b> and apply organic treatments early.\n            <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong><br><\/strong><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flowering_Fruiting\"><\/span><strong>Flowering &amp; Fruiting<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Flowering and fruiting in the makhana plant starts in May and continue till November. Within 30 to 40 days of flowering, fruits become fully developed and matured. They start rupturing and appear to be floating on the upper water surface for 2 to 3 days after which they get settled in the bottom surface.<br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harvesting\"><\/span><strong>\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Harvesting starts from August to October in which farmers collect scattered makhana seeds manually. Generally harvesting of makhana seeds in practiced in the morning hours. Seeds are collected in a basket and are further sent for cleaning, storage and processing. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yield_Of_Makhana\"><\/span><strong>Yield Of Makhana<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On average, the yield in the pond system is around 1.4 to 2.2 tons per hectare, while in the field system, it is 2.6 to 3 tons per hectare. After harvesting farmers need to clean the harvested seeds followed by sun drying, size grading, pre-heating, tempering, roasting, popping, polishing, grading, packaging and storage to finally sell in the market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Makhana (fox nut) farming is gaining popularity due to its high nutritional value, rising demand in the health food market, and government support under schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi and the establishment of a Makhana Board. Bihar, India, leads in production, contributing over 90% of the country&#8217;s makhana supply. The makhana market&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20524,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[7210,7209,7208],"class_list":["post-20516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-foxnut-farming","tag-makhana-cultivation","tag-makhana-farming"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20516"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20516\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20536,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20516\/revisions\/20536"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturereview.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}